Monitoring forage production for farmers’ decision making

Objective management of grazing livestock production systems needs monitoring of forage production at the managerial unit level. Our objectives were to develop a system that routinely estimates forage above-ground net primary production (ANPP) at the spatial and temporal resolution required by farmers in the Pampas of Argentina, and to facilitate adoption of the system by end users as a managerial support tool. Our approach was based on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) logic, which proposes that ANPP is determined by the amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (APAR), and the efficiency with which that energy is transformed in above-ground dry matter (radiation use efficiency, RUE). APAR is the product of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the fraction absorbed by the canopy (fPAR). We estimated fPAR as a non-linear function of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). RUE was empirically estimated for the two principal forage resources of the region, yielding the following relations: ANPP = 0.6 × APAR + 12, (R² = 0.86; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the upland sown pastures, and ANPP = 0.27 × APAR + 26, (R² = 0.74; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the lowland naturalized pastures, with ANPP in g/m²/60 days and APAR in MJ/m²/60 days. The models were able to predict independent ANPP values with acceptable accuracy. Computational procedures were automated and run in a Relational Data Base Manager System that stored and managed all the information. The system is currently monitoring 212,794 ha in 83 farms and provides monthly ANPP values for the previous month and a history of the last 6 years. The data so generated show ANPP differences between the two major forage resources, considerable variability of a given month’s ANPP among years and paddocks, and contrasting among-farm differences in the efficiency of conversion of ANPP and forage supplements into beef production. The system was well accepted by end users who utilize it mainly for making near real time decisions according to last month ANPP, and explaining results of previous production cycles by incorporating ANPP as an explicative variable. However, there were differences among farmers in the degree of utilization, apparently related to the advisor’s attitude toward this new technology. Our results indicate that (1) forage production of large extensions can be monthly monitored at the paddock level by a small laboratory with capabilities in geographic information systems, and (2) advisors and farmers apply this information to their managerial decisions.     

并联机床——新一代数控机床

并联机床是数控机床行业的新生代,目前尚处于起步阶段,本文简要介绍了国内外发展动态,以及面临的问题。     

螺纹铣削工艺的选择

总结了在数控加工中心上进行螺纹铣削的一些注意事项,其中包括螺纹铣削刀具的选用及测定、螺纹铣削底径的确定、铣削方式的选择及精度控制等。     

探析网络环境下的信息检索

网络信息资源的全球化,信息检索范围的拓宽,为信息的获取提供了新的更快捷的途径,使用户可以方便地获得专业化、精深化的信息资源。但是网上信息的复杂性和多变性,又对信息检索的准确率、完备率提出了挑战,对网络信息检索的质量提出了新的要求。     

利用天津农业科技信息网获取农业信息

介绍了天津农业科技信息网的远程终端用户拨入设置方法,并对如何利用天津农业科技信息网进行信息的查询、检索进行阐述,较详细地介绍了几种在因特网上检索信息资料的方法,同时,列出了一些常用的检索工具和农业方面的网址。     

关于数控铣削加工中刀具长度补偿功能的探讨

讨论数控铣削加工中应用刀具长度补偿功能的方法和技巧。首先介绍刀具长度补偿建立和撤销的指令格式和编程方法,然后结合对刀过程详细分析了确定刀具长度补偿值的不同方法,最后重点讨论了刀具长度补偿功能在数控铣削加工编程中的具体应用。     

镶嵌固体润滑剂的自润滑刀具切削温度研究

在刀具前刀面月牙洼磨损区域加工装填MoS2固体润滑剂的微孔，制备了一种镶嵌固体润滑 剂的自润滑刀具（SLT〖CD*2〗1），并与前刀面有孔但无固体润滑剂的刀具（SLT〖CD*2〗2）以 及传统刀具（SLT〖CD*2〗3）进行切削对比试验。用TH5104红外热像仪测试了3种刀具切削45 号淬火钢的切削温度变化规律。结果表明：SLT〖CD*2〗1自润滑刀具的切削温度明显降低，比 传统刀具SLT〖CD*2〗3降低15%～20%，SLT〖CD*2〗2刀具比SLT〖CD*2〗3降低5%～10%。通过切削 温度理论分析表明，由于自润滑刀具SLT〖CD*2〗1在前刀面形成润滑膜，降低了前刀面剪切应 力以及减少了刀屑接触面积，使得切削温度显著降低。     

Reliability model for Subsystems of CNC machine tool with small samples

Many subsystems in CNC machine tool have only a few failures, so they are small samples. In this case, classical reliability modeling method often has large errors. For the failure data of small sample, maximum likelihood estimation method is used to estimate the Weibull distribution model parameters of time between failures of the subsystems. Then, the Weibull distribution model parameters are modified by parameter bias correction method. Finally, the effect of bias correction parametersis tested by the D test and the error area ratio test method. The test results show that the modified models are better.     

用推削的方法加工非正圆孔

根据集材拖拉机压盘零件的特点,设计了加工非正圆孔的卡具和刀具,采用推削的方法加工压盘上的6个非正圆孔。     

数控车削加工高精度圆弧

分析了在无半径补偿功能的数控车床上精加工圆弧或锥度时易产生误差的原因,指出为解决这一问题应在编写数控加工程序时对圆弧刀尖进行补偿计算,求得刀位点（假想刀尖点）在加工过程中的坐标值,从而有效地解决过切或欠切等问题。